Causes – Tumors
When tumors or growths occur near the sinus openings (ostia), the sinuses can become obstructed. When the ostia become obstructed, the normal flow of air into the sinuses and mucus drainage out of the sinuses is impeded. The reduced flow of air and mucus allows mucus to back up in the sinus and become stagnant, which in turn contributes to the growth of bacteria and infection. Once a bacterial infection is present, it causes inflammation and swelling, which leads to increased mucus production. Additional swelling intensifies the already-restricted flow of air and mucus, and contributes to even more bacterial growth. The cycle continues and ultimately leads to sinusitis.
Benign tumors of the sinuses are uncommon; however, sometimes a nasal polyp may be cause for concern. Most polyps are benign, but there is one form called an inverting papilloma that can develop into a malignancy. Unlike most benign polyps, which typically occur on both sides of the nose, an inverting papilloma is usually found on just one side. This is why most clinicians recommend that all unilateral polyps (those occurring on one side of the nose only) be biopsied, or tested for malignancy. An inverting papilloma that is removed completely will not recur, but because it is difficult to tell if the papilloma has been entirely removed, extended post-surgical follow up is required.
Although malignant sinus tumors are very rare, they occasionally do occur. The most common of them is squamous cell carcinoma. Even with surgery and radiation treatment, this type of sinus tumor has a poor prognosis. Adenocarcinoma is another form of malignant tumor that can invade the sinuses. In a very small number of cases, lymphoma tumors are found in the sinuses, and even more rarely, melanoma.
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